When the endometrial lining is outside of the uterus, multiple effects such as inflammation, tissue injury & repair, may lead to scaring, fibrosis, pain & infertility. Managment is complex and depends on individual goals. The RANZCOG guidelines are here.

PCOS may present differently for each individual. The Rotterdam criteria states two out of three of oligo or anovulation (irregular or absent periods), clinical or biochemical raised androgens (male sex hormones), and/or polycystic appearance of ovaries on ultrasound. The international guidelines on PCOS are here.

Abnormal development of the uterus, known as Mullerian anomalies, may occur. Other pathologies that may affect the uterus include fibroids (benign growth), polyps & intra-uterine adhesions (Asherman’s Syndrome). Tubal blockage may also occur, with causes such as congenital (from birth), infectious or related to endometriosis.

Miscarriage may be common, but it can be devastating. New guidelines from the Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research in the UK, published in the Lancet journal have a graded approach to care, from the first, second and third miscarriage.